Spondylolisthesis is a condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it, usually in the lower back. This can cause pain, stiffness, and sometimes nerve compression if the slippage narrows the spinal canal or pinches nearby nerves.

An analogy…

Think of the spine like a stack of building blocks. In spondylolisthesis, one block slides forward out of place, which can put pressure on the surrounding structures and nerves, like a wobbly tower that throws everything off balance.

What causes spondylolisthesis?

It typically occurs in the lower lumbar spine, especially at L5-S1, where the spine meets the pelvis. Causes can include a stress fracture in a small joint of the vertebra (called a pars defect), degeneration of the discs and joints, or in rare cases, trauma or birth defects. When the vertebra slips forward, it can stretch or compress the nerves that exit the spine, causing back pain and possibly leg symptoms.

What are the signs and symptoms of spondylolisthesis?

• Lower back pain, often worsens with standing, walking, or leaning back
• Tight hamstrings or stiffness in the lower back
• Pain that radiates into the buttocks or legs
• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs if nerves are affected
• Muscle spasms or fatigue after prolonged activity
• In more severe cases, changes in posture or gait

What tests are used to diagnose on spondylolisthesis?

Palpation: The practitioner gently presses along the lower spine to check for tenderness, muscle tightness, or a noticeable step-off, a dip or bump that may suggest one vertebra has slipped forward.

Single-Leg Hyperextension Test: The patient stands on one leg and gently leans backward. A positive result is when this movement causes low back pain, especially on one side.

Mild cases often improve in 4 to 8 weeks with targeted rehab and activity changes. Moderate to more complex cases may take 3 to 6 months. Severe or unstable cases might require surgery, followed by rehab over several months.

How does spondylolisthesis happen?

• Repetitive stress or overuse, especially in sports like gymnastics, weightlifting, or football
• Congenital defects in the vertebra
• Degenerative changes in the spine due to aging
• Previous spinal trauma or injury
• Hyperextension movements
• Weak core and hip muscles that don’t support the spine properly

What treatment can help spondylolisthesis?

• Activity modification
• Core strengthening and postural training to stabilise the spine
• Manual therapy, including mobilisation, massage, and muscle release
• Anti-inflammatory medication or ice/heat for pain relief
• Exercise rehab to improve flexibility, glute strength, and spinal control

What exercises or stretches can I do for spondylolisthesis?

• Pelvic tilts and deep core activation (CAZ)
• Glute bridges and hip strengthening
• Hamstring and hip flexor stretches
• Postural drills and walking retraining
• Avoiding deep lumbar extension exercises early on
• Progressive return to activity, sport, or work functions

What products can help with spondylolisthesis?

• Wheatbag
• KT Pilates Band Pack
• KT Trigger Ball